短信预约提醒成功
第十四篇 The National Trust
The National Trust in Britain plays an increasingly important part in the preservation forpublic enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although the Trusthas received practical and moral support from the Government， it is not a rich Governmentdepartment. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoiled countryside andhistoric buildings of Britain. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary supportfrom members of the public'. Its primary duty is to protect places of great natural beauty andplaces of historical interest.
The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses andcastles of Britain by the death of Lord Lothian， who left his great seventeenth-century house to theTrust together with the 4500-acre park and estate surrounding it.This gift attracted wide publicityand started the Trust's “Country House Scheme”。 Under this scheme， with the help of theGovernment and the general public， the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to thepublic about one hundred and fifty of these old houses2. Last year about one and three quaners of amillion people paid to visit these historic houses， usually at a very small charge.
In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancientwind and water mills3 ， nature reserves4， five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousand fivehundred cottages or small village houses， as well as some complete villages. In these villages noone is allowed to build， develop 'or disturb the old village environment in any way and all thehouses are maintained in their original sixteenth-century style. Over four hundred thousand acres ofcoastline ， woodland， and hill country are protected by the Trust and no development or disturbancesof any kind are permitted. The public has free access to these areas and is only asked to respect thepeace， beauty and wildlife.
So it is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big and important organizationand an essential and respected part of national life， preserving all that is of great natural beauty andof historical significance not only for future generations of Britons but also for the millions oftourists who each year invade Britain in search of a great historic and cultural heritage.
注释：
1. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public.
它是个慈善机构，靠公众中的会员自愿支持它才得以生存。depend on someone forsomething：在某事上依靠某人。又如：We depend on John for news supplies.在消息来源方面我们依靠约翰。原句中由于depend on的宾语voluntary support from members of the public较长，因此，将for its existence提前。这种现象本文中还有另外两处。第一句中的for publicenjoyment和第二段倒数第二句中的accessible to the public都分别被提前。
2.，…… the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fiftyof these old houses.……托管委员会拯救了大约150座这样的老房子，并使大众能参观这些老房子。make something accessible to someone：使某人能接触(或使用)某物。又如：Theschool has decided to make sports facilities more readily accessible to students.学校决定让学生能更方便地使用体育设施。
3.wind and water mills：靠风力和水流驱动的磨坊
4.nature reserves：自然保护区
练习：
1. The National Trust is financed by both personal donations and government allocations.
A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2. British people's dependence on the National Trust to protect places of great natural beauty andplaces of historical interest has been increasing.
A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3. Lord Lothian was one of the founders of the National Trust.
A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4. The Trust's “Country House Scheme” provides an easy access for the public t0 150 0ld housesor so.
A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5.A project which is t0 fortify a 16th century old house but keep its original style will not beapproved by the National Trust.
A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6. The public may enter a wood under the protection of the National Trust without paying anymoney， but they are not allowed to bring in canned food and beverage.
A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7. The National Trust helps promote tourism in Britain.
A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1.B文章第一段说国家托管委员会尽管从政府那儿得到实际上和道义上的支持，其财政单纯依靠私人捐款，而没有政府拨款。
2.A第一段第一句话说在英国，国家托管委员会在保护名胜古迹方面扮演着越来越重要的角色。倒数第二段讲该委员会管理着面积广大的各种名胜古迹、自然景观。最后一段说经过80年的发展，该组织已成为一个重要组织，成为国民生活中必不可少、受人尊敬的一部分。
因此我们可以说英国民众越来越依靠托管委员会来保护风景名胜。
3.C第二段提到Lord Lothian在死后把一所17世纪的古宅及其周围4 500英亩的土地赠与托管委员会，但是没有提到他是该委员会的建立者之一。
4.A第二段说托管委员会实行的“乡村房屋计划”保护了大约150座古宅，并向公众开放，收取少量的参观费。因此我们可以说该计划使公众可以较为容易地进人大约150座古宅参观。
5.B第三段说在托管委员会所管理的自然保护区以及磨坊、农场、村舍、村庄等人文景观中任何人都不允许以任何方式建造、扩建房屋，破坏原有的环境。所有的房子都保持着原有的16世纪的风貌。因此一个加固一所老房子但仍保持其16世纪风格的计划是不违背这一精神的，不会被托管委员会否决。
6.C第三段说托管委员会管理着大面积的海岸线、林地和山丘起伏的乡村，公众可以免费进入这些地区，但是不允许破坏宁静、美丽的环境，不允许猎杀野生动物。但是并没有提到不允许带罐装食品和饮料入内。
7.A文章最后一段说托管委员会保护风景名胜、历史景观不仅造福于英国人民的子孙后代，而且造福于每年到英国旅游的数百万观光客。由此我们可以推断托管委员会的工作促进了英国旅游业的发展。
译文
第十四篇 国家托管委员会
英国的国家托管委员会在保持未被破坏的英国乡村遗迹，使民众得以最大限度地享用它们方面扮演着越来越重要的角色。尽管托管委员会得到政府实际上和道义上的支持，但它并不是一个富有的政府部门。它是由关心英国乡村遗迹和古建筑物的人们自愿组成的一个团体。
它是个慈善机构，靠公众中的会员自愿支持它才得以生存。它最基本的任务是保护自然风景区和具有历史意义的名胜古迹。
最早引起公众关注的是洛雨恩勋爵去世后留给托管委员会他的一座17世纪时的房屋及其周围4 500英亩的公园和地产。这些古老房子和城堡面临着被破坏的威胁。这一遗产大大地吸引了公众，同时使托管委员会开始实行“乡村房屋计划”。在政府和广大公众的帮助下，托管委员会根据计划已经拯救了大约150座这样的老房子，并使大众能参观这些老房子。去年大约有175万人花很少的费用参观了这些古老房屋。
除了这些乡村房屋和空地之外，托管委员会还拥有一些靠风力和水流驱动的磨坊、自然保护区、540个农场以及大约2 500座村舍，以及一些独立完整的小村庄。在这些小村庄里所有的房子大都保持着它们16世纪时的原样，不允许任何人以任何方式建造、开发或破坏它的环境。40多万英亩的海岸线、森地和山丘起伏的乡村也交由托管委员会保护，不允许任何方式的开发或破坏。公众仅可以自由进入这些地方，但要求不破坏那里的宁静、美丽的环境，不允许猎杀野生动物。
这样经过80多年的时间，托管委员会逐渐成为一个庞大的重要组织，成为国民生活必不可少的受人尊敬的组成部分。它保护所有的风景名胜和历史景观，不仅造福于英国人民的子孙后代，而且也使每年涌人英国的数百万旅游者能领略到英国的历史和文化传统。
Screen Test
1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey (调查)published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.
2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial(有争议的), partly because the radiation(辐射) brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue(组织) is denser.
3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.
4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.
5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.
6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening.
7. “There is a trade-off(平衡) between the diagnostic(诊断的，判断的) benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current (目前的)data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.”
练习：
1. Paragraph2 ___A_____
2. Paragraph3 ___B_____
3. Paragraph4 _ _C___
4. Paragraph5 ___D__
A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman
B. Investigating (调查)the Effect of Screening
C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models
D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation
E. Treatment of Cancers
F. Factors That Trigger Cancers
5.Early discovery of breast cancer may____C____.
6.Advantages of screening women under 50 are __D_____.
7.Delaying the age at which screening starts may ___E_____.
8.Radiation exposure should be ___F_____.
A. be costly
B. harmful
C. save a life
D. still open to debate(争论)
E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer
F. reduced to the minimum
词汇：
polytechnic /丨pt)li丨tekmk/ adj.多工艺的 radiological /ireidfou'lodgikal/ adj.放射性的 optimise /'optimaiz/ vt.最大限度地完善
注释：
* Polytechnic University ：理工大学 cumulative /'kjuimjubtiv/ adj.递增的 contract /ksn'traekt/ vt. trade-off /'treidDf/ n.平衡
A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman
B Investigating the Effect of Screening
C Effects Predicted by Two Different Models
D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation
E Treatment of Cancers
F Factors That Trigger Cancers
Early discovery of breast cancer may
Advantages of screening women under 50 are 一
Delaying the age at which screening starts may
Radiation exposure should be
A be costly
B harmful
C save a life
D still open to debate
E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer
F reduced to the minimum
答案与题解：
A A说^是：用X射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。下面是第二段讲的意思：但是，用X射 线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的 危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。
B B说的是：调查用X射线检查的结果。第三段的第一句话是这么说的:Valencia理工大 学的研究人员分析了 11个社区诊所用X射线检?16万以上女性的结果。可见B为正确的 选项。
C C说的是：两种不同的模型预测的结果。第四段讲的是，两种不同的数学模型在预测用 X射线检查女性诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。C概述了这段话。
D D说的是：辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。第五段的第一句话是这么说的：The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “ not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated.研究人员争辩说，与发现后 接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。
C C与题干生成:Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳腺癌发现得早也许能挽 救生命。答案可以从第一段中找到。
D D 与题干生成:Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate. X才 50 岁 以下的女人用X射线捡查的好处仍然是有争议的。第二段的第一个甸子是这么说的:But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial...但是，用 X 射线检查 年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的……这两个句子用词有些差别，但基本意思是
相同的。
E E 与题干生成：Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce Ihe risk of radiation triggerhig^a cancer.延厉用X射线检查的年龄也许能减少辐射诱发的危险。答案在第
F F与题干生成扭tion exposu诹命cmld be reduced to the minimum.应把接受辐射降低
到最小的程度。答案在文章的最后一句。
译文：
透视检查
每年上百万的女性都做X射线透视，检查是否有乳腺癌迹象。如果检查得足够早，疾病就可 以被成功地治疗。根据去年公布的一项调查，21个国家有透视计划。其中9个国家，包括澳大利 亚、加拿大、美国和西班牙为50岁以下女性进行透视。
但是，用X射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发 癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。
Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了 11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女性的结果。估 测了女性的辐射累积剂量之后，他们用两种模型计算由此导致额外癌症数量。
英国国家辐射保护委员会推荐的数学模型预言，透视计划会导致每10万个女性中有36人患 上癌症，18人致死。联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会首选的模型得出了一个较低的数字^20人 患上癌症。
研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。他 们说，Valencia计划在每10万接受透视的妇女中发现300到450个乳腺癌病例。
但是他们指出如果X射线检查从50岁而不是45岁时开始，会使妇女由于辐射而患癌的危险 减少40%到80% ,因为她们可以接受更少的辐射。他们暗示说，他们研究的结果有助于使乳腺癌 透视的技术更加完善。
英国国家辐射保护委员会的Michael Clark承认“在胸透的诊断益处和危险之间有一个平衡”。 但是他警告说应该谨慎地解释此项研究。“基于目前的数据，每成功地发现10例癌症就有可能导 致今后出现一例癌症。这就是为什么在所有的透视计划中，辐射应该减少到最小的原因。”
How We Form First lmpression
1 We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.
2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" .
3 If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ， gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I don't like this person". Or else，"I'm intrigued" . Or your
brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;
so your brain says： "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong4
4 When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.
5 However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.
词汇：
trait /trei，treit/n. 特点，特征，特性 host/h?ust/ n. 一大群，许多
simplistic /sim'plistik/ adj. 过分单纯化的 sensory/'sens?ri/ adj. 感官的，感觉的
categorical /k?ti'g?rikl/ adj. 绝对的 cortex /'k?：teks/ n. 脑皮层
jock /d??k/ n. 骗子 ethnicity /eθ'nis?ti/ n. 种族特点
geek /gi：k / n. 反常的人 intrigue /in'tri：g/ v. 激起兴趣
stereotype /'steri?taip/ v. 对……产生成见 freak /fri：k/ n. 怪人
humane /hju：'mein，hju-/ adj. 有人情味的，人文的
注释：
1. Your
rain，is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes ，ears ，nose ，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. 从 even 开始到 as different 是个结果状语从句，相当于that even very minor ... ，而 that 是与主句中的 so 呼应的。
2. against：和……对比
3. If you see someone you know，and like school ... ：如果你在学校里看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人……，like在这里是动词。
4. dead wrong： 相当于completely wrong dead wrong是口语表达用语。
练习：
1. Paragraph 2_____
2. Paragraph 3_____
3. Paragraph 4_____
4. Paragraph 5_____
A Ways Of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions
B Comment on First Impression
C Illustration Of First Impression
D Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories
E Threatening Aspect of First Impressions
F Differences Among Jocks，Geeks and Freaks
5. Sensory information is one that is perceived through_____.
6. You interpret _____ by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain.
7. The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking，which is similar to_____.
8. We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to_____.
A a stranger's less mature type of thinking
B the most complex areas of our cortex
C the immature form of thinking of a very young child
D the meaning of incoming sensory information
E the sights and sounds of the world
F an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking
答案与题解：
1. D 本段叙述的是人脑解读感官信息的过程。
2. C 本段举例说明第一印象解读的过程，将第二段叙述的内容具体化。
3. B 本段对第一印象进行了评论，说第一印象不成熟，simplistic and categorical。
4. A 本段说如果我们与某个人多接触，了解他的生活、希望、梦想和性格特征，我们对该人的认识就不会停留在第一印象的阶段，而是进入一个更深的层次。
5. E 选 E 的依据在第二段的第三句。
6. D 选 D 的依据在第二段的最后两句。sensory information 的意思就是information perceived through sensory organs (视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉、嗅觉等)。
7. C 选 C 的依据在第四段的第一句，该句是：When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.
8. B 选 B 的依据在第五段第二句。
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