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Irish Dolphins may have a unique dialect
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.
"We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves," project leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make."
Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot," he said. "The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.
"When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales," Berrow said.
References8 in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.
They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.
词汇：
Irish adj. 爱尔兰的 socialise v. 社交，交往
dolphin n.海豚
bottle-nose dolphin 宽吻海豚 sperm whale 巨头鲸
click n. 咔哒声，喀嚓声
estuary n. 河口，江口
vocalisation n. 发声
shed n. 小屋，棚
digitalise v. 使数字化
whistle n. 啸声
forage v. 搜寻（食物） prey n. 被捕食的动物
gunshot n. 射击声
groan n. 呻吟，叹息
pulse n. 脉冲
stun v. 击昏
注释:
1. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF): 香农海豚与野生生物基金会。
2.the Shannon River：香农河[ 位于爱尔兰共和国的中西部]
3.cow shed: 牛棚
4.those 指代前半句的 whistles。
5.Ronan Hickey…separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories： Ronan Hickey 将啸声划分为6大类32种
6.most = most categories
7.both sets of dolphins 是指 the Irish dolphins 和 the Welsh dolphins。
8.References in local legend:：当地传说中的有关说法
9.they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century：海豚可能早在公元 6 世纪就在香农河河口繁衍生息，resident 是形容词，意思是 “居住的”。
练习：
1. The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. Ronan Hickey analyzed almost 2000 different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3. Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4. Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
5. Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6. As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7. Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 25,000 people come to see them every year.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
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答案与解析：
1．分析文章标题：Irish（爱尔兰的） Dolphins（海豚） may have a unique（独特的） dialect（语言， 方言）
2．直接解题：
1. The difference in （在...方面的差异）eating（饮食的） habits（习惯）between（在...之间） the bottle-nose dolphins（宽吻海豚） and the sperm whales （巨头鲸）interested（使...感兴趣） the SDWF（香农海豚与野生动物基金会） scientists（科学家）.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
1．C． 细节题。 利用问题句中的细节信息词bottle-nose dolphins， sperm whales, eating habits和特征词SDWF（香农海豚与野生动物基金会） scientists共同作为答案线索， 在文章中查找答案相关句：
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying （一直在研究）a group of（一组） up to （多达，直到）120 bottle-nose dolphins （宽吻海豚）in the River Shannon using vocalisations （发声）collected on a computer （被收集在计算机里）in a cowshed （牛棚） near the River Shannon.
As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.
"We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves," project leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make."
Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot," he said. "The gunshot（射击， ） is an intense（强烈的） pulse of sound（脉冲声）. Sperm whales use it to stun（使晕倒） their prey（猎物）.
"When I first heard（听到） it I was surprised （感到吃惊）as I thought （认为）sperm whales （巨头鲸）were the only species（物种） who used it. We can speculate（推测） the dolphins（海豚） are using it for the same reason （为了与...同样的原因）as the sperm whales(巨头鲸)," Berrow said.
References8 in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.
They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.
与问题句可能相关的语句中都没有涉及到问题句的内容， 因此判断问题句的内容在文章中没有被提到。实际上通过单词查找， 我们会发现细节信息eating habit(饮食习惯)这个短语， 连同它的一些词义相关词，如：eat, food, feed on(以...为食)在文章中根本就没有出现， 只要问题句中有一部分信息在文章中没有出现， 我们就需要把这个问题句的内容判断为“没有被提到”。
2. Ronan Hickey analyzed（分析） almost（差不多， 几乎） 2000 different（不同的） dialects（语言） of the bottle-nose dolphins（宽吻海豚）.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. B。 细节题。利用问题句中的特征词Ronan Hickey（人名）和2000 different（不同的） dialects， 及细节信息词bottle-nose dolphins共同作为答案线索， 在文章中查找答案相关句：
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of （部分的）a research（研究） project（计划）, student Ronan Hickey digitised （使数字化）and analyzed（分析） a total（总数） of 1,882 （与almost 2000 呼应）whistles（鸣叫声， 口哨声， 汽笛声） from the Irish（爱尔兰） dolphins and those from the Welsh（威尔士的） dolphins on a computer and separated them into（把...分成...） six fundamental whistle types (基本鸣叫类型) and 32 different（不同的） categories(种类) . Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.
题句的意思是： Ronan Hickey 分析了爱尔兰海豚发出的近2000种不同的方言。这句话与短文中叙述的意思不符。第三段第一句说： Ronan Hickey 分析了爱尔兰海豚和威尔士海豚(不仅仅宽吻海豚)发出的近2000种不同的啸声(不是方言)。所以，本题选项 B 是答案。
3. Of（在...之中） the 32 categories（种类）, eight were produced （被产生）only（仅仅） by the Irish（爱尔兰的） dolphins.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3．细节题。利用问题句中的特征词32 categories， eight，Irish（爱尔兰的） dolphins共同作为答案线索， 在文章中查找答案相关句：
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 （大多数）were used by （被...使用）both sets of （来自Irish和Welsh的两种）dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard （仅仅被听见）from the Irish dolphins.
答案相关句与问题句的句意一致：32 种啸声中有 8 种是爱尔兰海豚独有的。所以答案是 A。
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4. Whistles(口哨声， 汽笛声) could also be used to （也能被用来...）communicate(交流) between（在...之间） adult（成熟的， 成年的， 成年人） dolphins and baby（婴儿） dolphins.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4．A． 主题题。这个问题句的内容与文章主题（爱尔兰海豚可能有独特的语）内容一致， 因此该问题句很可能提供了正确的信息。 利用问题句中的细节信息词Whistles， adult dolphins和baby dolphins作为答案线索， 在文章中查找答案相关句：
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of （部分的）a research（研究） project（计划）, student Ronan Hickey digitised （使数字化）and analyzed（分析） a total（总数） of 1,882 whistles（鸣叫声， 口哨声， 汽笛声） from the Irish（爱尔兰） dolphins and those from the Welsh（威尔士的） dolphins on a computer and separated them into（把...分成...） six fundamental whistle types (基本鸣叫类型) and 32 different（不同的） categories(种类) . Of(在...之中) the categories, he found（发现） most6 were used by （被...使用）both sets of dolphins（来自爱尔兰的海豚和威尔士的海豚） -- but eight were only heard （仅仅被听见）from the Irish dolphins.
"We are building up（正在建立）a catalogue（目录） of the different（不同的） whistle types（类型） they use and trying to associate them with（把...和...联系起来） behavior（行为） like（例如） foraging（觅食）, resting（休息）, socialising（社交） and the communications of groups with calves（牛犊）," project（项目） leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially（实质上， 实际上） we are building up what is like（象） a dictionary of words （字典）they use or sounds they make."
Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications。 "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot," he said. "The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.
"When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales," Berrow said.
References8 in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.
They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.
短文第四段第一句说科学家正在设法将啸声与海豚的行为特性联系起来，由此可推断出这也包括成年海豚与小海豚之间的联络这种行为。题句的意思与原句的意思相符，所以答案是 A。
5. Sperm whales（巨头鲸） can produce（产生）stronger（更强的） ultrasonic waves （超声波）to kill（杀死） their prey（猎物） than dolphins（企鹅）.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
5．C． 细节题。利用问题句中细节信息词Sperm whales, ultrasonic waves和prey作为答案线索， 在文章中查找答案相关句：
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.
"We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves," project leader Simon Berrow said.
"Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make."
Berrow, a marine（海洋的， 航海的） biologist（生物学）, said the dolphins' clicks（发出的卡塔声） are used to（被用于） find（发现） their way around（周围） and locate（查找...的地点， 位于） prey. The whistles are communications（交流）. "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot," he said. "The gunshot （枪响声）is an intense（强烈的） pulse of sound（脉冲声）. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.
"When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales," Berrow said.
References8 in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.
They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.
本题所说的意思是鲸鱼能发出比海豚更强烈的超声波去杀死猎物。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为 C。
6. As early as （早在）the 6th century（世纪）, Irish（爱尔兰的） fishermen（渔夫） started（开始） raising（提高, 饲养, 筹集 ） dolphins in the Shannon estuary（河口）.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6．B． 细节题。 利用问题句中细节信息结构as early as the 6th century和特征结构Irish fishermen及Shannon estuary共同作为答案线索， 在文章中查找答案相关句：
Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.
"We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves," project leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make."
Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot," he said. "The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.
"When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales," Berrow said.
References(证明， 参考) in local（当地的，局部的） legend（传说） indicate（显示） there have been dolphins （一直有）in the Shannon estuary for generations （存在了数代）and they may even have been resident（居民， 居住的） there as far back as /远在/早在the 6th century(最远追溯到6世纪).
They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.
短文第五段说的是，早在公元6世纪海豚就在香农 河河口繁衍生息，而没有说早在公元6世纪渔民开始在香农 河河口养殖海豚。题句的意思与文章的意思不符，所以答案是 B。
7. Irish dolphins attract（吸引） tourists（游客） and over 25,000 people come（来） to see（看， 理解） them every year（每年）.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7．A． 细节题。利用问题句中的细节信息词Irish dolphins , tourists和every year及特征结构over 25,000 people共同作为答案线索， 在文章中查找答案相关句：
Irish scientists（科学家） monitoring （监控）dolphins living（生活） in a river estuary（河口） in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.
The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 （香农海豚与野生动物基金会）has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.
As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 -- but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.
"We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves," project leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make."
Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot," he said. "The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.
"When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales," Berrow said.
References8 in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.
They are regularly seen by （被定期地观看）passengers（游客， 乘客） on the Shannon ferry（渡船） and an estimated（被估计的） 25,000 tourists every year take special(专门的， 特殊的) sightseeing tours （观光旅游）on local boats to visit（参观，拜访，游览） them. 现在需要确定是否代词they就是指代Irish dolphins/爱尔兰海豚， 借助前句内容知道they指代shannon河口的海豚， 现在还需要了解这些海豚是爱尔兰海豚吗？因为文章前面部分还提到过其他的海豚 ? 威尔士海豚， 因此在文章前面部分进一步查找信息， 既然这些动物是生活在Shannon河口的， 利用shannon作为线索词在文章开头第一段和第2段中找到相关信息：
题句表达的意思与最后一段的意思相符。原文说大约每年有 25000 名游客专程到此乘坐当地的小船观看海豚。所以答案是A。
更多职称英语信息请关注:
环球网校2009年职称英语等级考试网上辅导方案介绍
环球网校职称英语频道
百度职称英语
